Documentary Workbook

1. Outline the content of each website.

The first website page of http://www2.blackside.com/blackside/BlacksideFilms/EYES1film.html does not seem to work properly it keeps diverting back to its home page.

- The content on the next website of 4 little girls directed by Spike Lee shows the director of the documentary, its user rating, cast, release date, plot, genre and awards that the documentary has received.

2. Explain the historical situations presented by each web item.

- Within the 4 little girls webpage the historical situations presented are within the plot and the tagline which gives you a brief outline of the historical information so then if you are interested enough you can watch the full version.

1. Outline the techniques you would employ to portray these truths.

- The War on Drugs would be an event which could be made into a documentary and techniques to portray truths about this would to have scientific evidence, statistics such as graphs, models and research over a long length of time. Archival footage from the past and the present and how this has changed whether negatively or positively. Also show interviews of people, newspaper articles and media clips and make sure we explain through these texts what the Governments of the world are doing about it or are they just giving up. From this people will be intrigued and interested because of such so called “truthful” evidence being portrayed.

2. Who would you interview?

- I would interview people who have or still are involved in the drug industry with drug smuggling and how easy or hard it is to gain drugs. Also Government associates on their view, the public and how they find this topic and what they would like seen to be done. As well as interview people who know information about this large worldwide illegal drug trade.

3. What questions they would ask?

- What is being done to stop this if any, how come this does not seem like a big issue, Is the large and constant demand of drugs affecting society in anyway, should it be stopped and what would the reaction be, Is it a dangerous business to get involved into, have you bought any drugs before (when asking the public), is drug use and demand increasing if so why?

4. What events or images would you use?

- I would use images of drug smuggling throughout the world, I would show its effect on society through images both negatively and positively, images of pain and shock, show clips of what Governments are doing for the war on terror and other issues/events then show the horrible effects and event that are happening all behind our backs causing suffering and despair as we sleep silently at night so unaware.

5. How would you engage your audience?

- To engage the audience I would have to incorporate elements of comedy, shock, sadness, anger, images and clips of importance, music, narration, fast cuts and moving camera shots. I would also have to mix up the interviews and keep cutting between to interviews and their completely different views.

1. Describe and explain the particular types of roles, language, storylines and value assumptions operating.

- A current reality TV programme I have watched would have to be “Survivor”. Their role is that there are around twenty odd people who are split into two groups and are placed in a remote destination away from civilisation. They compete in challenges for food and resource prizes which benefit them and their camp, while the losers go and vote for elimination of a competitor. The language is good and suited especially for a family orientated audience because of each competitor’s unique personality which you either like or hate; this can also sometimes affect the outcome of the reality game. The storyline all depends on which team wins the challenges and determines who the largest threat to winning the game is. That’s when people make secret alliances fighting for a spot in the top three and overall winning the title of Survivor along with the $50,000 prize.

2. Analyse how these elements reflect intertextual links to various genres.

- These elements within the reality TV series of Survivor reflect intertextual links to various genres by incorporating individualism as a way of creating drama, tension, suspense and emotions from the audience because as the competition gets further along we hear more about each competitors intentions and understand their personality more. This then creates favourites amongst the audience and least favourites.

3. Describe and explain the underlining values and assumptions operating the reality programmes you watched.

- The underlining values and assumptions within this reality programme are that they are trying to gain as many viewers as possible especially for the family audience because they want to get everyone to have a favourite to make it more exciting and thrilling because you never know what’s going to happen especially with the challenges and eliminations. They also try to get competitors from completely different backgrounds and a large variety of personalities to make the show far more interesting.

4. Note how decisions and attitudes expressed in the episode reflect participant’s adherence to the larger ideological values operating in the episode.

- Participants in each episode like to change the way in which they react to situations often over the top. This is due to their weird personality or if they decide they have a common enemy which is what the producers want to happen. As the competition goes on and the challenges get harder the more attitude and determination comes out which reflects on its audience locking them in and keeping them watching.

CODES AND CONVENTIONS USED IN THE GENRE OF DOCUMENTARIES

CODES AND CONVENTIONS USED IN THE GENRE OF DOCUMENTARIES

	How is it used in Nanook of the North	How is it used in Triumph of the Will	How is it used in Don’t Look Back	How is it used in An Inconvenient Truth
Narrator: a voice of god who presents the argument of the documentary in a “truthful” and “objective” way.	There was no voice narration but rather narration in intertitles because it was produced in 1922 where sound could not be recorded so writing narration appeared at the start and in places where the audience needed explanations.	No narration was used, however intertitles was used to convey information deemed important to the audience to understand the flow of the film. This also expressed important facts and relevant information in which to be able to comprehend the film.	No narration was used; even though they could have back in 1967 they decided to let the narration be told through Bob Dylan himself and his colleagues as they were followed around in their day to day life. That’s what told the story rather than the narration.	The narrator was Al Gore himself as he was the main speaker presenting both his knowledge of global warming and past experiences when going through his presidential campaign and how that affected his decisions. He expresses his opinions and thoughts very well.
Front person: acts as a representative of the audience.	The front person is the camera operator since this was in the silent movie era we could not hear sound or voices. This meant the shots that were created all had make the audience experience the harsh environments and try feel what it would be like.	There was no specific front person in this film, although Hitler was a main focus of the cameras being followed through the streets and the parades as he gained favour from the public and his country. The shots used showed the landscapes the amount of people, both soldiers and public expressing and up rise of Germany through Hitler.	The front person was Bob Dylan as he was the main focus of the film, and the person who was followed around to every concert and to how he reacts to all the fame and criticism. Although Bob Dylan can be difficult to understand and follow. Being the first person he expresses a lot of his opinions to the audience.	The front person was Al Gore himself as he was the main focus and was the one leading in his speech about global warming. He was also the main focus because we heard about his past life experience and also his major concerns and opinions about an ever growing problem in today’s society.
Extracts from the work: of the subject of the programme – concrete examples of labour.	In the film when the inter- titles appear they explain what is about to happen or an activity which the Eskimos are doing that the audience doesn’t understand. The film then backs up its narration comments by showing footage of this happening which then helps the audience to understand.	When members of the Fuehrer stand up to do their speeches for Hitler and the Nazi Party the camera always ends up showing a close-up of the Nazi symbol or the soldiers faces of determination as they are mentioned. Long shots are used to show the great amount of soldiers under Hitler’s command.	This documentary is all about Bob Dylan and his music so whenever he talks about himself or his music the film always refers back to his past concerts and how his audience reacted. We also get to see how people are influenced by the decisions that he makes like standing up against the media.	Whenever Al Gore refers to something from his past or something he could he changed we always get referrals back to when he was campaigning for president and also when he wants to get a strong point across we end up seeing images of hurricane Katrina and the damage that caused.
Experts: provide support and authority for the programme’s argument.	The experts would be the Eskimos as they were the ones sharing the skills with the camera and audience on how they build igloos and catch food that no ordinary man could achieve and live in harsh cold environments. Also the film makers took this knowledge into inter-titles which helps the audience understand further as sound could not be recorded then.	The experts would have to the producers and director as they provide the necessary information through inter-titles in explaining to the audience what is happening by providing facts and figures which make the film more interesting and appeal over a wider audience as well as expend our knowledge of Hitler.	Bob Dylan and his associates are the experts as they are the only people getting spoken too and are the only people who talk. Bob Dylan always talks about what he is working on, his likes and dislikes in society and expresses his opinions to the media without hesitation. Since the cameras follow Bob Dylan means we always here his thoughts and what he wants.	The experts in this contemporary styled documentary would have to be Al Gore as he has done most of the extensive research into how Global warming is occurring and what are the best solutions to control the problem. Al Gore also has a large amount of images and diagrams that he has gradually collected from multiple sources.
Eyewitness: personal testimony from people who were there at the time.	The eyewitness would have to be the cameraman and crew who followed this family of Eskimos around learning their culture and experiencing their ways of living. That’s why the inter-titles provide so much information because the filmmakers were there at the time, on location.	The personal testimonies came from Hitler himself and his colleagues who gave speeches to Germany and helped the public to further support Hitler in his Nazi campaign. This was then shown with how the people reacted and they seemed to support Hitler fully with open arms and trust.	In Don’t look Back the eyewitnesses would of course have to be Bob Dylan as he was the main attraction and the one who was constantly followed by the media and camera crews. Also his associates and public relations that were also part of Bob Dylan’s success and flaws seen in the documentary.	Most of the personal testimonies that we here come from Al Gore himself as he is the main focus and the only person who speaks, even narration. His testimony his usually his presidential campaign and how losing that has made him want to save the planet and create worldwide awareness.

Scientific evidence: used as the ultimate basis of the “truthfulness” of factual evidence.	The scientific evidence would have to have come from the practical journey that the filmmakers took part with alongside the Eskimos. What they did and how they did it using their own unique skills was recorded to provide factual evidence.	The footage was used as the main source of scientific evidence as the whole Nazi campaign was recorded throughout all the four days of parades and speeches. Also Hitler was shown a lot, which helps us to understand more about who he was and his overall intentions.	The scientific evidence shown would have to be how Bob Dylan reacted, his behaviour and how he coped with situations, will give the basis of evidence and provide factual evidence of what type of person he really was rather than false information which can change our opinions very quickly.	The scientific evidence that Al Gore presents is through his presentation which has statistics, graphs, table all which are interactive and has plenty of animated images which help for evidence. He has studies and research that provides strong evidence about global warming.
Locations: the idea that the events must be real if the programme can show that “this is where it happened”.	The location of this documentary is real as they go through treacherous Alaskan desert snow landscapes, finding and killing real food such as seals, whales and snow foxes. The camera also shows a lot of wide shots showing the vast landscapes.	The location is in Nuremberg Germany following the Nazi Party’s rise to power. We see all the different streets that have parades and also we get to the whole city by air. The shots show all angles of the landscapes and locations such as where all the soldiers are and when the speeches are being said, the location can be clearly seen.	The locations in this documentary are very simple and plain, a lot of the time we see Bob Dylan in some room either talking to media, his associates, writing a song. We also see him at concerts but the shots rarely show a wide variety of the area giving us as the viewer little to go by in knowing where the exact location is, but that could have been done on purpose.	The locations in this documentary shown places in Europe, Asia and America which he has presented his mass speech to open people’s eyes towards the issues of Global Warming. Most of the time he is usually in an inside area speaking to a group of people although we see multiple images and clips from around the world as he relates his topic to the environmental impacts.
Documents: used as evidence to support the argument of the documentary.	No documents were used in Nanook of the North because they did not need to support an argument all they were doing was following and studying the nature and life of the Eskimos so no evidence needed to be provided.	The only documents of evidence needed was when Hitler and the Fuehrer were doing speeches to the German supporters and army, whenever they were arguing about something the shot cut to the evidence as if stating their argument that the Nazi Party should have overall power and that Hitler will provide that.	The documents used as evidence were recorded and published by the media and newspapers against Bob Dylan trying to oppose his decisions in the music industry. The newspapers tried to make claims against Bob Dylan that were not true resulting in his decision to talk out about how he feels by expressing his opinions to the public.	The documents shown were when Al Gore was going though his presidential campaign and the impacts and issues involved with that such as confusion because of how close the voting was between him and George Bush. He has also said about certain laws that he has passed and the differences they have made.
Lighting: how the lighting is specifically used – eg. While subjects are interviewed, while on location,, (use of natural light)	There are no interviews at all but the filming is always shot during the day when the sun is out this is because they did not carry lighting equipment around on their long hike. Thankfully Alaska’s sun is bright meaning subjects are clear, although you cannot tell well because of the old black and white footage.	When Hitler and his associates give their speeches, they are lit up completely, from the sides and the top to express the fact that they are the centre of attention being clearly noticed. Even the natural light through the windows helps to bring out further subject detail.	Bob Dylan has great lighting all the time, when interviewed his face was clearly show in detail with lights shining behind him and on his face especially in concerts. The use of natural light when in dark rooms helps to bring out a happiness and calmness to Bob Dylan. But in black and white it is harder to notice these fine details.	When Al Gore is presenting his speech the lighting is very focused on Gore but most of all the large screen behind him showing all the major statistics is very well lit up and makes you want to keep watching because of its attraction rather than a black background in which you could be less interested in.
Camera Shots: usually the use of close ups on subjects while being interviewed, use of establishing shots on location.	The camera shots were very basic but they made up for it by using plenty of establishing shots of the surrounding landscapes as the Eskimos moved on. The use of close-up was also used well as we were able to see their emotions and reactions to each other which were always positive and happy even in the harsh conditions with little food they always seemed to have hope. We also as an audience got to see their funny side and how they live in a more up close personal way.	The camera shots were amazing for its time; they must have used at least three to four cameras because they captured every detail. Starting off with aerial shots shows the wealth and greater hierarchy in Hitler. The shots also showed people’s reactions/ emotions and their support. The cameras also shot plenty of symbols creating a real Nazi feel and environment happening. The shots have great transitions, always keeping them moving and to the same pace as the surroundings.	The use of close-ups was prominent in this documentary because following a music star they had to gain all the little details of how Bob Dylan reacts and lives as a superstar of his time. People got to experience the inside life of a star. Every shot showed details of Bob Dylan’s music transitions and how he coped with the newspapers, fans, enemies. This was all show predominantly threw close-ups and medium shots so you felt as if you were there.	The camera shots in this documentary are very well used as they are always moving shots and during his speech it always keeps the screen behind in shot as well as Gore which is main reason people are so interested. The shot also always show the whole environment through slow panning in time with Al Gore’s speech which makes you think more about this issue of Global warming.
Sound: discuss use of diagetic and non-diagetic sound and the relevance in documentaries.	Since diagetic sound could not be recorded and we could not hear what’s happening because that technology was not invented. This meant non-diagetic sound of orchestra music was played in different speeds and pace all depending on the suspense of the Eskimos. This type of music is what keeps the audience watching and not getting bored; it creates laugher, tension, happiness and sadness.	You were able to hear the diagetic sound in Triumph of the Will and were able to hear the trumpets aloud and the yells of the supporters. More diagetic sound was used because of the parades. Non-diagetic sound was only used when new scenes begin with establishing shots, drawing you in and keeping your attention. Although no sound was used in speeches as they were significantly important but less interesting.	Both diagetic and non-diagetic sound was rarely used because the filmmakers wanted to have a more intimate and close look at the life of Bob Dylan. Although they did show some songs that he performed in his concerts but not enough which made it far less interesting to watch and understand due to too much talking and no sound to keep you interested.	All the sound is mainly non- diagetic sound as the producers want to make the images stand out to the audience and make them more aware through soft, calm and sad music. There is no diagetic sound because Al Gore is not just trying to get through to his audience but to the world through his DVD version which has more features involving non- diagetic sound to intrigue the audience.

New Zealand Censorship Facts

-Advertising material for a film must be submitted to the Labelling Body for approval at the same time as the film.

-Approximately 85% of the New Zealand market is rated, cross-rated and labelled by the Labelling Body.

-Films supplied to the general public (with some exemptions) must be labelled with the correct New Zealand labels. Failure to do so is an offence which carries a maximum fine of $3,000 for an individual or $10,000 for a company.

-Films became subject to state censorship in 1916 with the passing of the Cinematograph-Film Censorship Act. It was under this Act that New Zealand's first film censor was appointed.

-the 1916 Act made it illegal to show any film, which had not first been approved by the government-appointed censor.

Cinemas have agreed with New Zealand censorship agencies and film distributers to take the following into account when deciding on which trailers to play before a film:

· The age of the film’s likely audience

· The likely impact on that audience of screening the trailer with that feature film

· The time of the screening, particularly matinees (which younger children are more likely to attend)

-A teacher showing an R16 film to students under the age of 16 could face fines of up to $10,000 or be imprisoned for up to three months. The school could also be considered liable, in which case the fines could be up to $25,000.

-When a film is submitted for classification it is viewed by a Classification Officer (a CO). In the case of games, an expert game player plays the game while a CO watches and takes notes.

-In some cases, cuts may be required before a film can be given a classification. For example, in order for a film to receive an R18 classification, a particular scene may need to be removed from it. In these cases, the distributor is offered the option of making the cut. If the distributor agrees, the film is classified as R18. If they refuse, the film is classified as banned.

-NZ Customs is responsible for border control. Its role is to stop illegal material entering New Zealand. This includes banned publications carried in by travellers or sent though the mail.

-Some countries have virtually no restrictions on what types of films can be seen by their population, for example, France. However, nearly all countries ban films promoting the sexual exploitation of children.

Into The Wild (City Scene) Remake version

First we see Alexander crawling through a hole to get to the city, well I would make him jump over a fence to get to the other side because it looks more rebel and it looks like he’s actually running away. I would have a crane shot starting off low then following and looking at him on a side profile angle then the camera swivelling to look over at the city. Next instead of seeing the low angle shots of the buildings I would have an aerial shot of the buildings then a close up of Alexander’s face depressed and shocked. Then low angle shots of the buildings. I would keep him walking down the street listening to the chaos in the background then a slow 360 degree pan looking up and around at the skyscrapers. Now instead of Alex asking for the times I would have him look into a clock shop to see the time then look up to this lonely old guy fixing watches, then back to MCU of Alex as he walks away. The music I would keep the same at the moment because that piece of music also goes with other scenes and is the main piece of music that goes with the film. I would also keep the part where it changes to dark and we see Alex crossing the road to the city mission place. I would start off with a slow and low move back track of people’s feet before seeing tracking of everyone’s faces and the city mission sign. Also the lighting is great for this part because it give an airy sort of feeling. I would also make the main character look a little bit more scruffy and dirty and maybe a couple of scars in his arms and tears on his bag. When Alex is talking to the lady about losing his ID well we keep seeing the same three shots repeated why not chuck in a couple close ups of the lady writing his name and a side shot rather than switching between people with the same shot. All the lines that are being told I would keep because we need to follow the story. I don’t like the shot where they use the camera as if someone is watching him and the camera isn’t steady, it does not suite that part in the scene even if their are a lot of people around. Its a little bit distracting when you hear something drop in the background your concentration is instantly disrupted which is why I think that part is not entirely necessary. I part where he moves past the bunk bed I would take out and just have the shot of a close up when he puts his gear in a locker and locks it. I really like the editing when we see other people freeze when Alex looks at him, it is a well used technique to capture the audience and background sounds makes it even more freaky. I would change the music and make it louder and sharper to not only scare the audience but to give them the full intensity of Alex’s emotions. I like the low shutter speed used by the camera to give the effect that Alex is seeing but with these shots I reckon it should start off out of focus then come in focus with the low shutter speed to give a more accurate feeling. I think it would look more interesting if we saw police cars in the tunnel rather than a boring car and he should be walking along a bridge as well with a high shot zooming into him, Alex looks up and the shot freezes. The slow motion talk and laughter is greatly used which I would keep but I would have a more intimate moment when Alex sees him as that person. Instead of Alex sitting down and looking, I would have him walking past that guy which is having a drink and Alex would accidently knock it over then a freeze frame then him as that person smiling and saying waiter another please as if he could have been wealthy. I like the echoes of people’s voices which also gives a scary feeling. Instead of a side tracking shot as Alex suddenly leaves the city mission place, I would have the tracking shot low looking at his bag then moving up and around to the front of Alex to show him leaving and the lady at reception speaking. Far more interesting than just a plain tracking shot. At the end I would have a fully out of focus shot of the city then a quick cut to Alex’s face. Then an extreme close-up as a tear drips off his face. I would keep the silhouette part of him as he walks off into the distance.

So that’s how I would change the scene.

Into The Wild Language Elements

Background Music- This technique is used in the film ‘Into the Wild’ (2007) by Sean Penn to affect and create emotion amongst the audience during the scene. The background music is very soft and slow melody music. This type of background music is only two instruments playing only a couple of slow notes which drag on. This has been used to make the scene seem sad and emotional with a repeating soft tone. The effectiveness of the background music is to bring out your emotions and so you start to feel and experience just what the main character and his sister is going through. Also the soft melody makes you think more about the character and his life; you begin to want to know more because you are feeling sadness inside because you’re not sure on his outcome. Without background music you would not feel those sad emotions that the filmmakers want you to experience, otherwise the audience may not feel as if they are part of the story and may not think that it is an important part in the scene which talks about the main character. The impact on the audience from the background music is that they feel the characters emotions and thoughts because with the soft music running through your head you think about the film more and what’s happening. The audience is also able to concentrate more on the scene because their emotions are fixed on allowing them to be able to relate to the issues being stated by the voiceover.

Natural Light- This technique is used in the film ‘Into the Wild’ (2007) by Sean Penn to avoid heavy shadowing which causes the audience to not see the characters face and also can create a flat appearance in the shot. Natural light is used to increase visual appearance through the scene, allowing the audience to clearly see the character and the environmental backgrounds and attractions which the main actor travels through during this scene. The element of natural light has also been used to portray emotion, like the sky really light and blue with puffy white clouds or the dull and grey light in this rocky mountain. The natural light has also been used while the main character walks in the dark; the natural light comes from the lamp posts and shines on him allowing him and his actions to be seen clearly. The effectiveness of natural light gives an impression of hope, freedom and sadness. Like when the main character is climbing down the waterfall into a half cave area the light fades but when he looks into the distance the light shines brightly as it seems to have done mostly throughout the scene. Natural light also draws the main attention towards the moving object which in this case is the main character because during the scene he is being spoken about. The impact on the audience through natural light is they are able to fully experience the wonderful and vast environments that the main character goes through. This also allows the audience to see emotions and gestures clearly as well light also represents happiness. So even through sadness the audience can still experience happiness. This can be seen when the main character (Christopher) is by a lake throwing rocks in, the light is strong representing his freedom which the audience is able to see.

Panning- This technique is used in the film ‘Into the Wild’ (2007) by Sean Penn to swivel the camera slow or fast to give a sweeping view of an area or place. Panning is used to make a shot less boring and make a shot more interesting by giving the viewer more to see and showing more of an area in one shot. Panning is also used to flow with the pace of the scene by taking a small area and making it longer in a shot. The element of panning has been used as a follow technique as the main character walks across the vast countryside. We see panning being used to show the audience the large environments as the main character walks on. It has also been used as a flow between shots allowing for shots to fade in slowly and easily. This is shown when we notice the main characters family pictures, we see close up panning first to the right, then fading into panning to the left. This is a great use of panning during the scene as it is not too slow or fast, just nice and smooth keeping pace with the speaking and the cutting between shots. The effectiveness of panning is to drag out a shot as long as possible, like the waterfall shot, the camera pans from high to low then back across showing every inch and detail of the environment. The panning is mainly slow because it’s going with the music and how fast the speaking is. Panning also helps to create emotion in the audience by taking an awesome shot and seeing how long you can make that shot last and that emotion last. An example of this is when Christopher is walking down in this open cave with the river flowing, the panning moves around a lot as if to make the experience feel longer and with the voiceover, light and background music all connecting means that panning holds the audiences emotions longer.

Background Noise- This technique is used in the film ‘Into the Wild’ (2007) by Sean Penn to create atmosphere in the scene and to let the audience know what kind of area the character is at. For example when Christopher is burying his books, a train passes by which tells the audience that he is near a railway, otherwise if no train passes the audience has no idea where he is and it just becomes a random part in the film. This element has been used to show the audience what is happening in the background of each shot and also allows the audience to know where the character is and the location/ environment in which the characters are placed. An example of this is when Christopher is by a lake and you can hear the bird’s chirping and the buzzing of bugs then the splash of water as he throws a rock. This all lets the audience know what season it is, most likely summer and his location which is somewhere in the forest. This element has also been used to make the audience feel as if they are in that environment themselves because everywhere you go there is always background noise, like cars driving by in town or cicadas buzzing loudly in the bush. The effectiveness of background noise is also to capture the audiences emotions like happiness, I mean if you hear cars in the background during a shot of a lake and bush it kind of defeats the purpose because then the audience could change moods. Also in the half cave we hear the waterfall gushing down and the soft flow of water going downstream in a quiet tone, not overpowering the speaker. This creates relaxing feelings so you are able to understand clearly what is being spoken and the audience does not become distracted.

Depth of Field- This technique is used in the film ‘Into the Wild’ (2007) by Sean Penn to make an object in the front or back of a shot in focus and the rest out of focus. This is only used very quickly in a shot but can be switched multiple times in a shot between characters to give either suspense or to make a shot more interesting. This element has been used so the audience focuses on the main character rather than the background, which could be a distraction. For example when Christopher is swinging between these poles at night, the pole is in focus and Chris is out of focus. This technique has been used as a guide for our eye, our eye always focuses on the in focus image first but with the main character moving we look in that direction. This has also been used as an effect to show the main characters mind wandering. The effectiveness of this element is to show a sense of mystery and suspense in the shots of the scene. It shows suspense and mystery because when we first see a shot with this technique being used all we see is part of the shot out of focus, whether the character, or for example when we see the main characters family photos the shot start off out of focus but quickly becomes in focus. This is done to portray what Christopher’s life uses to be like; by using that in/out focus technique we get suspense which captures the audience’s attention. The impact on the audience is keeping them focused on the story and the main character. If everything is in shot and in focus then we tend to look at everything first and then come back to a characters conversation. Our minds wander so keeping an audience’s attention can be difficult unless you use the depth of field technique to show important parts of a scene.

Voiceover- The voiceover is his sister describing his life and his and his emotions about his parents which in turn has lead to him wanting to leave his old life and start a new one. The voiceover is also very poetic. This is done to describe him in the best way possible by giving the audience a better outlook of Chris’s state of mind and his reasons for running away. The audience is being informed and being given more information on why he is running away. His sister also talks about their parents and how they have become bastard children.

Language Features

Editing- The editing of the last scene of into the wild picked up in pace when we see Alexander, the main character is getting ready to die. When he looks up to the sky the heart beat starts to occur then cutting between shots happens fast. We see him then the blue sky cutting between each other to keep the audience occupied and to also show him in an alternative ending with his parents but still cutting towards the sky because he really still wants to be in the wild. The editing slows down as the heartbeat increases faster and faster until it stops. All we see is Alexander laying their dead with no music and no heartbeat. This is to show shock and sadness to the audience.

Moving camera shots- In the last scene of the movie into the wild when we see the main character dying. In this scene every camera shot is moving. This is first shown as he is looking into the sky the camera shot is looking down at him and spinning around slowing getting closer to his face. Same happens to the sky the camera shot is moving in a different direction every time going up down across, zooming in and out. This is done to show what the main character is feeling, he is losing is mind because of the pain that he is experiencing. Once he dies the camera shot starts off as a close up and then starts to move out from his face and into the sky. This is done to tell the viewers that he has passed away and the film is ending.

Music & Sound- The music in the last scene of the film ‘into the wild’ is soft and slow because the main character is dying. The orchestra music makes the audience feel sad and emotional because of his suffering. As the music fades we know that his life is coming to an end. We now hear a heavy heartbeat which is the main sound. This is to represent how long he has left to live; it’s just a waiting game. When the heartbeat gets faster and faster the audience prepares themselves for his death which happens. We then have silence, no music, no sound just silence for 10 seconds. This is to get the audience to feel shocked with disbelief. But when the music picks up with an acoustic guitar song, the audience gets a sad but happy feeling because he died doing what he loved and died a happy person.

Camera angles- The camera angles in the last scene of film ‘into the wild’ are mostly shown high. We first see this when the main character is lying down the camera angle is looking above him towards his face. This is done to show his expressions but also to show our last main look at the character before he dies. The camera angle also gives us his point of view into the show, this represents hope and freedom, they are the last things that he tries to grab onto. That is why we see plenty of blue sky. When he dies the camera angle slowly goes away from him and away from his location as if leaving him in peace in his happy place.